Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? by Frans de Waal explores the evolution of intelligence across species and challenges the assumption that human cognition is the ultimate benchmark for measuring animal minds. Drawing on decades of research in primatology and animal behavior, de Waal presents evidence of problem-solving, empathy, cooperation, communication, and social awareness in species ranging from apes and dolphins to birds and octopuses.
The book moves through key themes such as the history of intelligence testing in animals, the problem of human-centered bias in cognition research, social intelligence and empathy, tool use and innovation, self-awareness, and the evolutionary roots of cooperation. De Waal also critiques experimental designs that underestimate animal abilities and argues for a more biologically grounded approach to studying minds across species.
Blending scientific rigor with accessible storytelling, the book invites readers to rethink what intelligence really means and to recognize the rich cognitive lives of nonhuman animals.