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Is Slavery Unique to Humans, or Does Nature Have Its Own Versions?

slavery in the animal kingdom – Polyergus ant carrying pupae during a raid. Photo by Philipp Hönle, via AntWiki (CC BY-SA).

Years ago, I believed that humans were the only species capable of deep cruelty—that behaviors like slavery, war, and exploitation were exclusive to our kind. But as I learned more about animal behavior, I discovered that many of the traits we often think of as uniquely human—deception, coercion, even forced labor—also exist in the natural […]